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Magnús Óláfsson (died 1265) was a mid 13th century Manx-Hebridean king, the son of Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles. Magnús and Óláfr descended from a long line of Norse-Gaelic kings who ruled the Isle of Man (Mann) and parts of the Hebrides. Some leading members of the Crovan dynasty, such as Óláfr, styled themselves "King of the Isles"; other members, such as Magnús and his brothers, styled themselves "King of Mann and the Isles". Although kings in their own right, leading members of the Crovan dynasty paid tribute to the Kings of Norway and generally recognised a nominal Norse overlordship of Mann and the Hebrides. In 1237, Óláfr died and was succeeded by his elder son, Haraldr, who later drowned in 1248. The kingship was then taken up by his brother, Rögnvaldr Óláfsson. After a reign of only weeks, Rögnvaldr was slain and the kingship was taken up by Haraldr Guðrøðarson, a descendant of Óláfr's half-brother and deadly rival, Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles. After a short reign, this Haraldr was removed from power by his overlord, Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway. In Haraldr's absence, Magnús and a relation of his, Eógan mac Donnchada, King in the Isles, unsuccessfully attempted to conquer Mann. A few years later, Magnús successfully made his return to the island and was proclaimed king. In the 1240s, following attempts to purchase the Isles from Hákon, Alexander II, King of Scots resorted to warfare to win the region. His death in 1249 brought an abrupt end to his westward invasion, and it was not until the 1260s that a Scottish king again attempted to impose his authority into the Isles. In 1261, Alexander II's son and successor, Alexander III, attempted to purchase the Isles without success, before Scottish forces raided into the Hebrides. Hákon's response to Scottish aggression was to organise a massive fleet to re-assert Norwegian authority. In the summer of 1263, the fleet sailed down through the Hebrides. Although his forces gained strength as they sailed southwards, the Norwegian king received only lukewarm support from many of his Norse-Gaelic vassals—in fact, Magnús was one of the few who came out whole-heartedly for Hákon. At one point during the campaign, Hákon sent Magnús and some other vassals raiding deep into Lennox. Meanwhile the main Norwegian force was occupied with the Battle of Largs—a famous, but inconclusive series of skirmishes against the Scots. Following this action, Hákon's demoralised fleet returned home having accomplished little. Not long after Hákon's departure and death, Alexander launched a punitive expedition into the Hebrides, and threatened Mann with the same. Magnús' subsequent submission to the Scottish king, and the homage rendered for his lands, symbolises the failure of Hákon's campaign, and marks the complete collapse of Norwegian influence in the Isles. Magnús, the last reigning king of his dynasty, died at Rushen Castle in 1265, and was buried at the Abbey of St Mary, Rushen. At the time of his death, he was married to Eógan's daughter Máire. In the year after his death, the Hebrides and Mann were formally ceded by King of Norway to the King of Scots. Ten years after Magnús' death, Guðrøðr, a bastard son of his attempted to establish himself as king on Mann. Guðrøðr's revolt was quickly and brutally crushed by Scottish forces, and the island remained part of the Kingdom of Scotland. By the 1290s, the Hebridean portion of Magnús' former island-kingdom had been incorporated into a newly created Scottish sheriffdom. ==Background== Magnús was a member of the Crovan dynasty—a line of Norse-Gaelic sea-kings whose kingdom encompassed the Isle of Man (Mann) and the northern parts of the Hebrides, from the late 11th century to the mid 13th century. Although the kingdom originally encompassed the entirety of the Hebrides, much of the Inner Hebrides was permanently lost in the mid 12th century, but the dynasty retained control of the largest Hebridean islands of Lewis and Harris and Skye. Magnús was the son of Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles (d. 1237). Although Óláfr is known to have had two wives, and no contemporaneous source names the mother of his children, Magnus' mother may have been Óláfr's second wife—Christina, daughter of Fearchar, Earl of Ross, (d. ''circa'' 1251).〔McDonald 2007: p. 79 ''fn 48''. See also: Munro; Munro 2004.〕 Óláfr was a younger son of Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of the Isles (d. 1187). Before his death in 1187, Guðrøðr instructed that Óláfr should succeed to the kingship. However, Guðrøðr was instead succeeded by his elder son, Rögnvaldr (d. 1229), who had popular support.〔McDonald 2007: pp. 70–71.〕 Rögnvaldr and Óláfr, who are thought to have had different mothers, subsequently warred over the dynasty's kingdom in the early 13th century, until Rögnvaldr was slain battling Óláfr in 1229.〔Duffy 2004c. See also: McNamee 2004.〕 Rögnvaldr's son, Guðrøðr (d. 1231), who was also in conflict with Óláfr, took up his father's claim to the throne, and at his height co-ruled the kingdom with Óláfr in 1231. Guðrøðr was slain in 1231, and Óláfr ruled the entire kingdom without internal opposition until his own death in 1237.〔McNamee 2004.〕 Óláfr was succeeded by his son, Haraldr, who later travelled to Norway and married a daughter of Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway (d. 1263), but lost his life at sea on his return voyage in 1248. In May 1249, Haraldr's brother, Rögnvaldr (d. 1249), formally succeeded to the kingship of the Crovan dynasty's kingdom.〔McDonald 2007: pp. 87–88, 151–152.〕 Rögnvaldr Óláfsson's reign was an extremely short one; only weeks after his accession, he was slain on Mann. His killer is identified by a contemporary source as a knight named Ívarr who may have been an ally of Rögnvaldr Óláfsson's second cousin once removed, Haraldr Guðrøðarson (''fl.'' 1249), who seized the kingship immediately following the killing.〔McDonald 2007: p. 88.〕 Although at first Haraldr was recognised as a legitimate ruler of the kingdom by Henry III, King of England (d. 1272),〔Ridgeway 2004. See also: Anderson 1922: p. 567 fn 2.〕 Haraldr was later regarded as a usurper by his Norwegian overlord, Hákon. In 1250, Hákon summoned Haraldr to Norway to answer for his seizure of the kingship, and Haraldr was kept from returning to the Isles.〔McDonald 2007: pp. 88–89.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Magnus Olafsson」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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